Distance deterrence, trade barriers and accessibility. An analysis of market potential in the European Union

The interest in disentangling the role of borders in international trade is growing even within virtually borderless areas like the European Union. While there are a variety of research studies measuring how borders affect trade, there is little insight into the impact of borders on the potential accessibility to markets. The aim of this paper is twofold. First we provide a coherent calibration of the impedance parameters affecting trade (border effect based on best official data available and with a sound estimation of distance and the distance decay parameter with the use of network-based measurements). The second objective is to ascertain to what extent the market potential of different countries is hampered by the border effect. The analysis reveals that calibrating distance decay and considering border effects provides more realistic results. These results evidence that peripheral areas are more sensitive to the estimation of the distance decay parameter, whilst the main metropolitan regions are less affected by both distance decay and border effects. Finally, we present the decomposed market potential in a spillover-like matrix showing those countries that have a diversified set of contributors to their market potential and those where the number of contributors is limited

El impacto del efecto frontera en el cálculo del potencial de mercado en la Unión Europea.

Existe un creciente interés por desentrañar el papel de las fronteras en el transporte internacional de mercancías incluso en áreas como la Unión Europea, donde opera una política de mercado único. Si bien existe una gran diversidad de investigaciones centradas en analizar la influencia de las fronteras en el comercio internacional, no ocurre lo mismo con el impacto que estas provocan en laaccesibilidad potencial a los mercados. En este sentido, el objetivo de este trabajo es doble; por un lado, se realiza una calibración adecuada de los parámetros de impedancia que afectan al transporte, entre ellos el efecto frontera y la estimación de la dependencia con la distancia. El segundo objetivo es determinar en qué medida la accesibilidad de los países se ve penalizada por esta y otras barreras. El análisis revela que calibrar el efecto disuasorio de la distancia, teniendo en cuenta además el efecto frontera, proporciona valores más realistas que los aportados por la metodología habitual. Los resultados muestran que las áreas periféricas son más sensibles a la estimación del parámetro de decaimiento con la distancia, mientras que las regiones más urbanas están menos afectadas por ambos efectos. Finalmente, se presenta una matriz tipo spillover con el potencial de ercado desagregado donde se evidencia los países que tienen un perfil diversificado de contribuyentes a su potencial de mercado, y aquéllos cuyo potencial de mercado exterior depende de unos pocos países

Big (Geo)Data in Social Sciences: Challenges and Opportunities

Actualmente asistimos a una verdadera revolución en la producción y el tratamiento de datos masivos (Big Data). Aunque los principales usuarios de este tipo de datos son las empresas, el mundo de la investigación ha encontrado también interesantes posibilidades en el análisis de Big Data, con abordajes nuevos a viejos problemas o incluso con el planteamiento de cuestiones que no podían ser abordadas con datos tradicionales. El presente artículo constituye una revisión de trabajos de investigación que utilizan datos masivos geolocalizados, Big (Geo)Data, y muestra ejemplos de aplicación en la investigación, ordenando los trabajos revisados según fuentes de datos: registros de llamadas de teléfonos móviles, redes sociales, comunidades de fotografías geolocalizadas, registros de transacciones con tarjetas de crédito, tarjetas inteligentes de transporte, navegadores, etc. El trabajo concluye con unas reflexiones sobre las ventajas que ofrece el Big (Geo)Data para el investigador, como la alta resolución espacial y temporal de los datos y, en muchos casos, su cobertura global y su carácter gratuito, pero también resalta algunos de los principales inconvenientes que plantea su uso, como el sesgo y la dificultad de su proceso y, en muchos casos, de acceso a los mismos.Currently we are witnessing a revolution in the production and processing of massive data (Big Data). Although the main users of such data are companies, social researchers have also found interesting possibilities in the analysis of Big Data, with new approaches to old questions or even with the approach to issues that could not be addressed with traditional data. This article is a review of research papers using geolocated massive data, Big (Geo)Data, and shows examples of their application in research, grouping the papers according to data sources: mobile phone calls records, social networks, communities of geolocated photos, credit card transactions records, transport smart cards, car navigators, etc. The paper concludes with some reflections on the advantages of Big (Geo)Data in social sciences research (high temporal and spatial resoluction, and, in many cases, global coverage and free of charge), but it also highlights some of the main problems arising from their use, such as bias, processing capacity and access barriers

Accessibility instruments for planning practice: bridging the gap between academic research and decision-making.

One of the core objectives of urban planning practice is to provide spatial equity in terms of opportunities and use of public space and facilities. Accessibility is the element that serves this purpose as a concept linking the reciprocal relationship between transport and land use, thus shaping individual potential mobility to reach the desired destinations. Accessibility concepts are increasingly acknowledged as fundamental to understand the functioning of cities and urban regions. Indeed, by introducing them in planning practice, better solutions can be achieved in terms of spatial equity. The COST Action TU1002 "Accessibility instruments for planning practice" was specifically designed to address the gap between scientific research in measuring and modelling accessibility, and the current use of indicators of accessibility in urban planning practice. This paper shows the full process of introducing an easily understandable measure of accessibility to planning practitioners in Madrid, which is one of the case studies of the above-mentioned COST action. Changes in accessibility after the opening of a new metro line using contour measures were analyzed and then presented to a selection of urban planners and practitioners in Madrid as part of a workshop to evaluate the usefulness of this tool for planning practice. Isochrone maps were confirmed as an effective tool, as their utility can be supplemented by other indicators, and being GIS-based, it can be easily computed (when compared with transport models) and integrated with other datasets

PENGARUH PENGAWASAN TERHADAP DISIPLIN KERJA DI BADAN KEPEGAWAIAN PENDIDIKAN DAN PELATIHAN KABUPATEN SUMEDANG

Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan di Badan Kepegawaian Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Kabupaten Sumedang terdapat permasalahan bahwa pengawasan belum optimal. Hal ini diduga disebabkan dari masalah dalam disiplin kerja di Badan Kepegawaian Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Kabupaten Sumedang yaitu Ketepatan waktu pegawai yang masih sering terlambat kehadirannya hal tersebut peneliti menduga oleh pengawasan yang kurang maksimal berdasarkan karakteristik tepat waktu, masalah tanggung jawab yang tinggi bawahan yang kurang terhadap pekerjaan hal tersebut peneliti menduga oleh pengawasan yang kurang maksimal berdasarkan karakteristik diterima para anggota organisasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pengawasan terhadap disiplin kerja di Badan Kepegawaian Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Kabupaten sumedang, mengetahui permasalahan yang menghambat pengawasan terhadap disiplin kerja di Badan Kepegawaian Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Kabupaten Sumedang, dan mengetahui usaha-usaha yang dilakukan dalam menanggulangi permasalahan tersebut. Kegunaan penelitian ini adalah untuk menambah pengetahuan dan pengalaman, dan sebagai bahan masukan dan pertimbangan atau sumbangan pemikiran yang bermanfaat bagi Badan Kepegawaian Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Kabupaten Sumedang. Metode penelitian yang digunakan oleh peneliti adalah analisisdeskriptif. Penelitian ini dengan menggunakan analisa kuantitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah penelitian kepustakaan, penelitian lapangan, observasi, wawancara, dan angket yang disebarkan kepada 55 responden pada Badan Kepegawaian Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Kabupaten Sumedang. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa adanya pengaruh pengawasan terhadap disiplin kerja di Badan Kepegawaian Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Kabupaten Sumedang. Pengawasan memiliki pengaruh yang cukup kuat terhadap disiplin kerja yaitu sebesar 29,7% dan kaitannya erat, pengaruh pengawasan tersebut bersifat positif, dan adanya perubahan pengaruh yang signifikan. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah pengawasan di Badan Kepegawaian Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Kabupaten Sumedang belum dapat meningkatkan disiplin kerja. Masih rendahnya pengawasan dari kepala Badan untuk membangun disiplin kerja pegawai yang ada tidak terlepas dari adanya pengawasan seorang kepala Badan terhadap bawahannya. Saran-saran yang dapat peneliti berikan yaitu Badan Kepegawaian Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Kabupaten Sumedang akan lebih berusaha menetapkan peraturan kerja yang jelas dan tegas, kepala Badan dapat menyampaikan arahan kepada pegawai dengan jelas. Kata Kunci : Pengawasan, Disiplin Kerj

SIGUE - Materiales para actividades no presenciales en asignaturas vinculadas a los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG): recopilación, preparación y evaluación

Depto. de GeografíaFac. de Geografía e HistoriaFALSEsubmitte

Immigrant community integration in world cities

As a consequence of the accelerated globalization process, today major cities all over the world are characterized by an increasing multiculturalism. The integration of immigrant communities may be affected by social polarization and spatial segregation. How are these dynamics evolving over time? To what extent the different policies launched to tackle these problems are working? These are critical questions traditionally addressed by studies based on surveys and census data. Such sources are safe to avoid spurious biases, but the data collection becomes an intensive and rather expensive work. Here, we conduct a comprehensive study on immigrant integration in 53 world cities by introducing an innovative approach: an analysis of the spatio-temporal communication patterns of immigrant and local communities based on language detection in Twitter and on novel metrics of spatial integration. We quantify the "Power of Integration" of cities --their capacity to spatially integrate diverse cultures-- and characterize the relations between different cultures when acting as hosts or immigrants.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures + Appendi

The use of public spaces in a medium-sized city: from Twitter data to mobility patterns

This research evidences the usefulness of open big data to map mobility patterns in a medium-sized city. Motivated by the novel analysis that big data allow worldwide and in large metropolitan areas, we developed a methodology aiming to complement origin-destination surveys with à la carte spatial boundaries and updated data at a minimum cost. This paper validates the use of Twitter data to map the impact of public spaces on the different parts of the metropolitan area of Concepción (MAC), Chile. Results have been validated by local experts and evidence the main mobility patterns towards spaces of social interaction like malls, leisure areas, parks and so on. The Main Map represents the mobility patterns from census districts to different categories of public spaces with schematic lines at the metropolitan scale and it is centred in the city of Concepción (Chile) and its surroundings (∼10 kilometres)

The use of public spaces in a medium-sized city: from Twitter data to mobility patterns

<p>This research evidences the usefulness of open big data to map mobility patterns in a medium-sized city. Motivated by the novel analysis that big data allow worldwide and in large metropolitan areas, we developed a methodology aiming to complement origin-destination surveys with à la carte spatial boundaries and updated data at a minimum cost. This paper validates the use of Twitter data to map the impact of public spaces on the different parts of the metropolitan area of Concepción (MAC), Chile. Results have been validated by local experts and evidence the main mobility patterns towards spaces of social interaction like malls, leisure areas, parks and so on. The <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2017.1305302" target="_blank">Main Map</a> represents the mobility patterns from census districts to different categories of public spaces with schematic lines at the metropolitan scale and it is centred in the city of Concepción (Chile) and its surroundings (∼10 kilometres).</p

Accessibility and transport infrastructure improvement assessment: the role of borders and multilateral resistance

The market potential indicator is a commonly used tool in transport planning for evaluating the potential economic effects derived from improvements in transport infrastructures. The general assumption is that exports from a given region will rise with increased accessibility, thus benefiting economic activities. However, the specification of the market potential model is typically very simple and ignores both the impact of competing rivals and the role of international borders, which leads to unrealistic results. Spatial interaction models on bilateral trade have already proved that international trade is affected by multilateral resistance, borders, adjacency, language or currency. Nevertheless, apart from some recent analyses that simply calibrate the distance decay parameter from trade datasets, these variables have hardly been integrated into research on market potential. This paper sets out to demonstrate that more realistic results are obtained by calibrating the distance-decay parameter and introducing the impact of competing rivals and border effects into the market potential formulation. The proposed model is then applied to the assessment of the accessibility impacts of new road transport infrastructure in the European Union between 2001 and 2012, which shows that the greatest improvements in accessibility were experienced by peripheral countries with high road infrastructure investment